Sellers of fine artworks by European Old Masters have spent the past several years trying to enliven the genre for a new audience. Have their efforts begun to pay off? And how have those efforts correlated with developments in the market for Contemporary artwork, especially for Contemporary artwork that engages with styles, themes, and motifs in classical European art? 

We set out to contextualize auction data with strategic trends concerning Old Master works and Old Master-influenced artwork amid commercial galleries, art fairs, auction houses, and museums. Specifically, we investigated: 

• Contemporizing the Old Masters – Campaigns to reframe European Old Masters alongside the art of our time become conspicuous in multiple sectors of the art market by the middle of the 2010s.
• The Other Side of the Story: Living Artists Inspired by the Old Masters – A broader view of the art industry raises the possibility that restricting our view to only the actual European Old Masters may underestimate these classical artists’ impact on the recent art market.  

While the data and the anecdotal evidence cannot offer firm conclusions, we outline their complex relationships for readers to assess for themselves the layered interplay between the markets for European Old Masters and their successors from the mid-20th century to the present. 

(Methodology – Morgan Stanley collaborated with Artnet News using the Artnet Price Database to survey the state of the global fine art auction market for European Old Masters since 2018, as illustrated in the charts herein. All price data is drawn from the Artnet Price Database and includes the buyer’s premium unless otherwise expressly noted. Artnet defines the “European Old Master” genre as follows: fine artworks created by European artists born between 1250 and 1820. Lots with an identified artist must carry a minimum estimate of $500, and lots with a modifier—such as “school of,” “circle of,” “follower of”—must carry a minimum estimate of $2,000. We then examined auction data for a selection of artists in the Contemporary (defined as artists born from 1945 through 1974) and Ultra-Contemporary (defined as artists born in 1975 or later) genres whose practices are visibly influenced by classical European art.) 

Contemporizing the Old Masters 

Art fairs juxtapose Contemporary and Old Master art  

Long regarded as the premier commercial fair for Old Master works, antiquities, and furniture, The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF) has been working for years to expand its reach by deepening its focus on Modern and Contemporary artworks.¹ In 2015, TEFAF experimented by staging a focused exhibition of eight Contemporary artworks amid its traditionally focused fair in Maastricht.² The fair’s organizers returned to the concept in 2016, hosting a show of seven living artists exploring the theme of pain.³ TEFAF has since gone on to open a second annual fair in New York that leans heavily into mixing the classical mandate of its flagship fair in Maastricht with dozens of galleries focused on artists who lived and worked from the 19th century to the present.⁴ Before the announcement of its permanent closure in early 2023, the most recent editions of the Masterpiece London fair had moved in a similar direction, blending everything from dinosaur fossils and rare minerals to classical and Contemporary art.⁵ 

Major commercial galleries have been making the classic-to-Contemporary connection, too 

In the fall of 2018, David Zwirner worked with Old Master dealer Nicholas Hall to stage “Endless Enigma: Eight Centuries of Fantastic Art,” a show that curated more than 90 works by artists spanning eras and genres; featured artists ranged from Hieronymous Bosch, Francisco de Goya, and Gustave Moreau to Francis Alÿs, Michaël Borremans, and Lisa Yuskavage, among others.⁶ In December 2022, as a part of Master Drawings New York, Sprüth Magers dedicated its Upper East Side space to exhibiting the work of living artist Karen Kilimnik alongside Renaissance paintings, works on paper, and sculptures dating from the 17th to 19th centuries.⁷ 

European Old Master Paintings in auction houses’ Impressionist, Modern and Postwar & Contemporary evening sales 

It is noteworthy that, shortly after TEFAF began curating recent artwork into its classical mandate, the most expensive artwork ever sold at auction was not only an Old Master painting but rather an Old Master painting sold as a part of a Christie’s New York evening sale of Postwar and Contemporary art: Leonardo da Vinci’s Salvator Mundi, acquired for more than $450 million in November 2017.⁸ Intrigue around the whereabouts of the painting, which has not been seen in public since the Christie’s sale, has become a source of gossip in the art industry in succeeding years, sparking numerous news articles, books, and documentaries.

We found that the momentum to collapse genres has continued in recent and upcoming auctions. Similar to Christie’s placement of Salvator Mundi in a Postwar and Contemporary auction, Sotheby’s included Peter Paul Rubens’s Portrait of a Man as Mars in its May 16, 2023 Modern evening sale in New York, where the painting sold for a hammer price of $22.5 million against an estimate of $20 million to $30 million.⁹ 

Earlier, in November 2019, Sotheby’s also engineered a collaboration between Italian Old Master dealer Fabrizio Moretti (of Galleria Moretti) and drummer Fabrizio Moretti of the Strokes, pairing the two for a three-day installation of Old Master works titled “Fabrizio Moretti x Fabrizio Moretti: In Passing.”¹⁰ The concept saw the art-dealing Moretti selecting 20 paintings and sculptures of the era displayed in a labyrinthine setup at Sotheby’s New York headquarters in advance of a live auction in December 2019. At Christie’s, recently refreshed marketing tactics have also included robust international pre-sale tours and no-reserve auctions to appeal to both established and emerging collectors alike, as in the case of the white glove sale of European Old Masters from the collection of J.E. Safra on January 25, 2023.¹¹

A spotlight on European Old Master women artists at auction 

We found that in other instances, linking artists across eras has taken a more socially conscious direction by bringing attention to European Old Master artists who also happened to be women. The May 3, 2023 Old Master sale at the Vienna, Austria, headquarters of Dorotheum auction house included a grouping of works marketed as “Daughters of Art: Women Artists in the Era of Old Masters.”¹² It included Fede Galizia, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Orsola Maddalena Caccia. The Galizia painting, titled Judith with the head of Holofernes (ca. 1610–15) and estimated at €200,000 to €300,000, more than doubled its estimate after fees, selling for a premium-inclusive €624,000.¹³  

Christie’s led its Old Masters Paintings and Sculptures auction in Paris on June 15 with La Nature
morte au vase d’albâtre (1783) by the late 18th-to-early-19th century French artist Anne Vallayer-Coster. It fetched a record-setting €2.58 million ($2.8 million) before fees after being estimated to sell for between €600,000 and €1,000,000. Also featured in the sale were four works by Enlightenment-era painter Angelica Kauffman. In our view, it is difficult to imagine a major auction house touting these long-overlooked women artists in an Old Master sale a decade ago, but the decision looks much less surprising within the context of the way that art sellers, collectors, institutions, and scholars have shifted their focus over the last several years.  

European Old Masters find new life in museums 

We found that works by artists from historically unheralded demographics also excited bidders without extra fanfare. Consider Juan de Pareja, the mixed-race, enslaved assistant to Diego Velázquez. In 2019, a work by Pareja, titled Dog With a Candle and Lilies (early 1660s), carried a high estimate of just $9,000 at Pandolfini Casa d’Aste in Florence but sold for more than 30 times that—selling for almost $271,000. In 2020, the painting was acquired by the Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields using part of a $20 million fund devoted to strengthening the institution’s holdings of work by BIPOC artists, an initiative begun in response to allegations by museum staff of a toxic, discriminatory work culture. 

Institutions, particularly in the U.S., have intensified their efforts to champion works by artists of color across eras since the inception of the Black Lives Matter movement and the protests following the 2020 death of George Floyd.¹⁴ Old Master dealer Robert Simon defined this as “a broad movement” of which “American museums are at the forefront.”¹⁵ 

The trend has continued into the present at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. In April of 2023, the Met opened “Juan de Pareja, Afro-Hispanic Painter,” an exhibition linking Pareja’s practice to the 20th century Black American artists who launched the Harlem Renaissance.¹⁶ 

Just how effective have these attempts to reframe and reinvigorate the European Old Master genre been in recent years? We begin below by considering full-year auction results. 

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

2022 represented a five-year high in total sales in the genre, reaching $691.8 million worldwide, a 5.8 percent year-over-year increase in value. 

Compared to the other four most recent full years on record, however, auctions of European Old Masters in 2022 did not constitute a peak in lots sold, lots offered, or sell-through rate. All three metrics peaked in 2021, and 2022’s results in each were only slightly above their counterparts in 2019. Evidence suggests that the 2021 surge in these statistics resulted from a surplus of works held back from auction during the pandemic-restricted 2020 sales slate finally coming to market in the first full year of recovery. (Lots sold, lots offered, and sell-through rate also peaked in 2021 in the Impressionist and Modern and Postwar and Contemporary genres, according to the Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics.) 

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

The biggest difference in 2022 came in the top price bracket: $229.2 million worth of European Old Master works sold for more than $10 million each. That total was nearly $100 million more than the previous high in 2021, when buyers paid $129.8 million for such trophy lots.  

The top three lots by sale price in the genre were all by Sandro Botticelli, together totaling more than $186 million. The leader was Portrait of a Young Man Holding a Roundel, which brought in nearly $92.2 million at Sotheby’s Master Paintings and Sculptures Part I evening sale in January. Following it were the artist’s Madonna of the Magnificat, sold for about $48.5 million in the evening auction of the late Microsoft cofounder Paul G. Allen, and Man of Sorrows, sold for $45.4 million in the same Sotheby’s auction as the top lot. 

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

From the perspective of regional markets, the U.S. led the global auction trade in European Old Master sales in 2022. American houses brought $296.1 million worth of sales in the genre, the highest total achieved by any regional market since 2018. The U.K., the U.S.’s only competition for the top-selling regional market over the past five years, brought less than half that amount in 2022 ($141.9 million). One major determining factor was the regional split on top-selling lots. Of the 15 priciest European Old Master works sold at auction in 2022, seven were offered in the U.S. (including the top four), versus six in the U.K., none of which were higher than seventh by value—the priciest was a Rembrandt self-portrait from 1632 that brought £14.5 million. 

The other major regional market story of last year was France, which generated $139.7 million worth of European Old Master sales, up nearly 82 percent by value year over year. Powering the surge were the fifth- and sixth-highest-priced lots in the genre in 2022: a Chardin still life of strawberries that fetched €24.4 million in an auction of Old Master and 19th Century works at Artcurial, and a rediscovered Michelangelo drawing, dubbed A nude man (after Masaccio) and two figures behind him, that was offered in a rare single-lot evening sale at Christie’s Paris and was bought for almost €23.2 million. 

With the full-year auction results as a reference point, it is worth asking whether focusing on only the most recent quarter in the auction market (relative to the equivalent period in previous years) creates a different sense of the European Old Master market. 

Examining Recency and Seasonality

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

Overall, we see a similar pattern in first quarter auction results for European Old Masters since 2018 as in full-year results for European Old Masters since 2018. The number of lots sold and lots offered, as well as the sell-through rate, all stayed roughly within the same historical bounds during the first quarter of each of the past six years, yet total sales peaked in the most recent period on record. 

Total sales in Q1 of 2023 reached $211.3 million, an increase of more than $21 million (roughly 11 percent by value) from the previous pinnacle in the first quarter of 2021. However, it’s worth noting that from 2016 to 2022 Christie’s held only drawings sales of Old Masters in New York during Q1, shifting auctions of Old Master paintings to its more broadly themed ‘Classic Week’ during the second quarters of this period, and only returning to a schedule aligned with Sotheby’s January European Old Masters sales in Q1 of 2023. Comparative analysis on a quarterly basis may therefore not tell the whole or most nuanced tale. 

Is the uptick in total sales, then, a new trend reflecting a renewed interest in European Old Masters, or is the intergenerational wealth transfer uncovering trophy works of art not seen or available in decades? 

The Other Side of the Story: Living Artists Inspired by the Old Masters 

Contemporary artists earn fame for their Contemporary takes on the European Old Masters in the mid-2000s  

British artist Glenn Brown received his first solo gallery exhibition in 1995, at Karsten Schubert in London, but he began exhibiting with Gagosian in 2004, the same year that he was the subject of a solo exhibition at London’s Serpentine Gallery.¹⁷ His work first appeared at auction in 2000, yet it was not until 2005 when his auction lots collectively generated more than $1 million in a single year. (The actual sales total was roughly $1.8 million.) He has brought more than $1 million in annual auction sales 13 times since 2005, including an apex of nearly $15.9 million in 2013. In the fall of 2022, Brown also opened a private museum in London that curates his own works alongside those of some of his favorite historical artists.¹⁸

American artist John Currin charted a similar path. He was the subject of a steady string of solo exhibitions in galleries starting in 1989, and also joined Gagosian, in 2006.¹⁹ His works were already an auction fixture by 2000, but bidders pushed his lots into the seven figures for the first time in 2004, when his work brought more than $2.5 million under the hammer. He too has achieved more than $1 million at auction in 12 more of the succeeding years, with his auction market peaking by value at $14.4 million in 2013. 

Neither Brown nor Currin was the first Contemporary artist to reinterpret the European Old Masters, but we found that even one of their forebears needed to wait until the 21st century to incite high-level demand at auction. Total annual auction sales of works by Black American artist Barkley L. Hendricks (1945–2017) took until 2017 to cross into the seven figures; lots by the artist brought nearly $2.6 million that year, and even more in each of the three following years, including a peak of almost $9.4 million in 2020. A single portrait by Hendricks of his fellow artist Stanley Whitney sold for $6.1 million against estimates of $5 million to $7 million in Christie’s evening auction of works from the estate of Gerald Fineberg on May 17, 2023, setting a new artist auction record. 

Ultra-Contemporary artists in dialogue with European Old Masters

We found that, coincidentally or not, the market has also gravitated toward a younger generations of artists putting their own visual spin on European Old Masters in more recent years. Kehinde Wiley was selected by President Barack Obama in October 2017 to paint his official portrait for the National Portrait Gallery, a commission that brought Wiley’s use of Old Master motifs to depict Black subjects to a new level of public awareness; attendance at the National Portrait Gallery increased by more than 300 percent when the work went on view in 2018 (along with Contemporary artist Amy Sherald’s portrait of First Lady Michelle Obama).²⁰ While Wiley’s work first appeared at auction in 2005, it took until 2018—the same year that the Obama portrait was unveiled—for the artist to surpass $1 million in annual auction sales. However, he has done so in every full year since. 

Even fresher to the market is Salman Toor (b. 1983), who received stellar reviews for his first institutional solo exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art from November 2020 through April 2021. New York Times critic Roberta Smith saw references to François Boucher, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, and Jean-Antoine Watteau.²¹ Toor’s auction debut was in 2020, and his works have never brought less than $2 million at auction in any year since; five lots by Toor made more than $1.4 million in just the first quarter of 2023. 

Old vs. Neo Female Masters 

Canadian-born artist Anna Weyant has had a meteoric rise: from a solo show at downtown New York gallery 56 Henry in fall 2019, to a solo show at the Los Angeles headquarters of blue-chip international allery Blum and Poe in spring 2021, to becoming the youngest artist then on the roster of Gagosian prior to her solo exhibition at one of the mega-gallery’s Chelsea spaces in the fall of 2022.²² Nineteen auction lots by Weyant together made almost $9.7 million in 2022, after the first two of her works to reach the auction block sold for a combined $65,220 the previous year. 

Pretty Little Thing, a 2019 painting by 31-year-old Flora Yukhnovich (and only her third work to ever come to auction), rocketed 14 times over its $80,000 high estimate to sell for $1.2 million at a Phillips Contemporary art day sale in June 2021.²³ Her abstracted, Rococo-inspired style has been described as looking “a bit like if Fragonard and Soutine had a child (and then sent that child to the Museum of Ice Cream or Disney World).”²⁴ In January 2021, she joined London’s Victoria Miro gallery, one of the most highly regarded international dealerships.²⁵ Through the first quarter of 2023, 36 of her works had collectively generated more than $24.8 million at auction since 2021. 

Ewa Juszkiewicz “confronts the stereotypical perception of a woman’s beauty in classical European painting,” according to the artist’s website.²⁶ Although she has yet to be the subject of a solo exhibition by a U.S., British, or western European gallery as of May 2023, her work has been included in group shows at blue-chip international dealers including Almine Rech and Gagosian (both in 2019), as well as at major international art fairs such as Frieze New York (2017 and 2018) and regional fairs such as Milan’s Artissima (2018) and Spain’s Arco Madrid (2019).²⁷ Juszkiewicz’s auction sales totaled nearly $3.2 million in 2021, the year her work debuted under the hammer—then nearly doubled that volume the following year, achieving more than $6.3 million from the auction of 21 works in 2022. 

Below we compare these results to the auction performance of actual European women artists from the Old Master era. Do the results bear out an interest in gender equity, and does the market reflect a recalibration of the art historical canon?  

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

For works by European Old Master women, there does seem to have been a post-Covid bump in lots sold when comparing first quarter auction results from the past six years (from 11 each in 2018 and 2019, to between 14 and 17 each in 2021–2023), keeping in mind the shifting auction schedule, but also an uptick in sell-through rate (from under 60 percent each in 2018 and 2019, to between 75 percent and 82 percent in 2021–2023).   

However, little substantial growth has emerged in either the number of lots offered from such women artists or their total auction sales in the first quarter over this period. The 24 lots offered in Q1 of 2022 and the 22 lots offered in Q1 of 2023 are only slightly more than the 21 lots offered in Q1 of 2018. Total auction sales of works by European Old Master women in the first quarter peaked in 2019, at nearly $11.8 million. Only the $9.4 million worth of such sales in Q1 of 2022 approached that figure recently, while the first quarter totals in 2023 (less than $2.2 million) and 2021 (less than $2.4 million) both underperformed the equivalent total in 2018 ($2.6 million). 

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

Q1 of 2023 did not represent an apex in any price bracket for works by European Old Master women, which is not surprising based on the total sales figures, the first quarter auction schedule at Christie’s in New York notwithstanding. No works at all sold for between $1 million and $10 million during the first three months of this year—only the second time, along with 2020, that this has happened in the past six years. The first quarter of 2019 marked the high point in the sample for both total sales of works priced between $1 million and $10 million ($9.6 million in aggregate) and of works priced between $100,000 and $1 million ($2.1 million in aggregate).  

Perhaps surprising is that only six European Old Master women have sold more than $1 million worth of artwork in aggregate at auction during the first quarters of the past six years. The leader by value is Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, who totaled more than $8.1 million through the sale of 14 works during the sample period. Artemisia Gentileschi ranks second, having brought more than $6.9 million through the sale of five lots. Italian artist Fede Galizia rounds out the top three after selling just two works for a grand total of almost $4.5 million. The other three women to cross the seven-figure mark from the Old Master genre are France’s Anne Vallayer-Coster ($3.1 million), the Dutch artist Rachel Ruysch (nearly $2.6 million), and Louise Moillon ($1.8 million). 

Source: Artnet Price Database and Artnet Analytics

The U.S. has far and away been the leader in sales of works by European Old Master women over the first quarter in the past six years, notably, despite the absence of Old Master painting sales being held Q1 2018-2022 at Christie’s in New York. American auction houses have sold between $1.2 million and $11.5 million worth of such works in the first quarter of every year since 2018. The only other regional market to sell more than $295,000 worth of such lots in the first quarter of any of the last six years is France, which posted just under $2.4 million in 2022. Only six other regional markets sold any lots at all by European Old Master women during the sample period. 

Of the 15 most expensive works by such artists to sell at auction in the first quarter of any year since 2018, 14 were sold in New York. The lone exception is Louise Moillon’s Nature morte à la coupe de fraises, panier de cerises, branche de groseilles à maquereaux (1631), which brought nearly €1.7 million at French auction house Aguttes in March 2022.  

And yet, several living female artists under age 40 who incorporate Old Master themes already outsold most actual European Old Master women in the first quarter of 2023. Juszkiewicz ($1.8 million) and Yukhnovich ($1.7 million) outperformed all but the top six European Old Master women in the first three months of this year. Weyant ($767,000) outsold all but the top seven such historical artists.

It is possible the narrow supply of works by female Old Masters is partly responsible for this disparity in a genre largely reliant on re/discovery or re/attribution. But are collectors bidding up works by young women artists influenced by their classical forebears to fill a void left by historical circumstance, or is the energy around these Ultra-Contemporary artists being funneled back onto the few examples of works by women in the Old Master era? Based on our analysis, the path is uncertain. Data and anecdote provide no definitive answers to date but do offer plenty of food for thought. 

Artnet Price Database: Artnet Price Database: From Michelangelo drawings to Warhol paintings, Le Corbusier chairs to Banksy prints, you will find over 14 million color-illustrated art auction records dating back to 1985. Artnet covers more than 1,800 auction houses and 385,000 artists, and every lot is vetted by Artnet’s team of multilingual specialists. Whether you are appraising a collection, researching an artist’s market history, or pricing an artwork for sale, the Price Database provides assistance to determine the value of art. 

Disclosures: This material was published June 2023 and has been prepared for informational purposes only. Charts and graphs were published by ArtNet News in the Artnet Intelligence Report Spring 2022. The information and data in the material has been obtained from sources outside of Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC (“Morgan Stanley”). Morgan Stanley makes no representations or guarantees as to the accuracy or completeness of the information or data from sources outside of Morgan Stanley. 

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